The advancement of the nuclear power industry hinges critically on breakthroughs in material technology. Currently, achieving precise control over material microstructures at low cost remains a formidable challenge. The root causes lie in an insufficient understanding of material performance degradation mechanisms during service, a deficiency in effective microstructural control strategies, and lagging development in research methodologies and accurate predictive models. These fundamental and applied challenges collectively form a critical bottleneck that impedes the progress of China's nuclear power technology to a higher level, necessitating a systematic solution.